Highlights

• Social Norms- Traditional gender roles and norms that promote male dominance and female subservience can lead to violence when these expectations are not met.
• Power Imbalance- Gender-based violence often stems from power imbalances, where perpetrators use violence as a means to maintain control and assert dominance over their victims.
• Patriarchy- Societies that uphold patriarchal structures may perpetuate violence against women and other marginalized genders, viewing them as inferior and treating them accordingly.
• Sexual Objectification- The objectification of women in media and society can contribute to a culture that normalizes violence against women as a way to exert control.
• Economic Factors- Poverty and economic dependence can trap individuals in abusive relationships, making it difficult for them to leave or seek help.

Gender-based violence (GBV) is a pervasive and deeply troubling issue that affects individuals worldwide, regardless of age, ethnicity, or socioeconomic background. This form of violence targets individuals based on their gender identity, often disproportionately affecting women and girls. GBV encompasses a broad spectrum of abusive behaviors, including physical, sexual, emotional, and economic violence, with devastating consequences for the victims and society as a whole. To effectively address this problem, it is crucial to understand the multifaceted causes that underlie GBV. 

Let's explore some of the causes behind gender based violence

Patriarchal Societal Norms

One of the primary drivers of gender-based violence lies in patriarchal societal norms  that perpetuate rigid gender roles and unequal power dynamics. Historically, many societies have been structured around the belief in male dominance and control over women. These norms reinforce the idea that men should be strong, dominant, and assertive, while women should be submissive, passive, and nurturing. Such entrenched beliefs result in the normalization of violence as a means to maintain power and control over women.

Gender Inequality

Gender inequality is a fundamental cause of GBV. When women are denied equal access to education, employment opportunities, property rights, and decision-making positions, it creates a power imbalance that can lead to violence. Perpetrators may use violence to maintain their dominance and suppress women's autonomy, reinforcing traditional gender roles and inhibiting progress towardgender equality

Cultural and Religious Beliefs

Cultural and religious beliefs play a significant role in shaping attitudes towards gender roles and violence. Some cultures and religions endorse ideologies that reinforce male superiority and female subservience. These beliefs can manifest in practices such as child marriage, female genital mutilation, honor killings, and dowry-related violence. Challenging these harmful practices requires addressing deeply ingrained beliefs and engaging in comprehensive education and awareness campaigns.

Economic Factors

Economic factors also contribute to gender-based violence. Poverty and economic instability can exacerbate existing tensions within households, leading to an increase in violence. In some cases, economic dependency can trap victims in abusive relationships, as they lack the financial means to escape or seek help. Furthermore,economic disparities  can perpetuate traditional gender roles, where women are expected to remain in lower-paying jobs or rely on men for financial support, fostering an environment conducive to violence.

Substance Abuse

Substance abuse, particularly alcohol and drug addiction, is often associated with higher rates of gender-based violence. Intoxication can lower inhibitions, leading to impulsive and aggressive behavior. Moreover, substance abuse can exacerbate pre-existing problems within relationships, fueling conflict and violence. Addressing substance abuse and providing support for addiction treatment is vital in reducing the occurrence of GBV.

Unhealthy Masculinity

Societal expectations of "masculinity" can be harmful and contribute to GBV. Men who feel pressure to conform to a narrow definition of masculinity may resort to violence as a way to assert their dominance and reaffirm their identity. Toxic masculinity promotes aggression, emotional suppression, and the rejection of vulnerability or empathy, making it challenging for some men to express their emotions constructively.

Lack of Awareness and Education

A lack of awareness and education about gender-based violence perpetuates the problem. Many individuals may not recognize abusive behaviors or understand the importance of consent and respect within relationships. Comprehensive sex education, along with awareness campaigns targeting communities and schools, can help break the cycle of violence by promoting healthy relationships and informed decision-making.

Role of Media and Entertainment

The portrayal of gender roles in media and entertainment also influences societal attitudes towards gender-based violence. Media often perpetuates harmful stereotypes, presenting aggressive and dominant behavior as attractive and desirable in male characters. Likewise, female characters are frequently portrayed as passive and submissive, reinforcing traditional gender norms. Such representations not only normalize violence but also undermine efforts to challenge harmful behaviors and attitudes. Encouraging media outlets to portray healthier relationships and break away from stereotypes is essential in reshaping public perceptions of gender roles and violence.

Lack of Legal Protection and Enforcement

In some regions, weak legal protection and poor enforcement contribute to the persistence of gender-based violence. Legal systems may fail to adequately address GBV, and victims may fear retaliation or lack confidence in the judicial process. Additionally, societal stigmatization and victim-blaming further discourage reporting and hinder justice. Strengthening legal frameworks and ensuring effective implementation of laws protecting victims of GBV are crucial steps towards combating this issue.

War and Conflict

In areas affected by war and conflict, gender-based violence often escalates to unimaginable levels. Armed conflicts can exacerbate existing inequalities and provide fertile ground for the perpetration of violence, including rape as a weapon of war. The breakdown of social structures and the normalization of violence during times of conflict can have long-lasting and intergenerational effects. Addressing gender-based violence in conflict zones requires comprehensive peacebuilding efforts, including support for survivors and measures to hold perpetrators accountable.

Silence and Stigma

The silence and stigma surrounding gender-based violence can be a formidable barrier to addressing the issue effectively. Victims may fear judgment, rejection, or retaliation if they speak out about their experiences. Moreover, communities may be reluctant to intervene in private matters, perpetuating a culture of silence that shields perpetrators from accountability. To break this cycle, it is vital to create safe spaces where survivors can share their stories, access support services, and receive validation without fear of judgement.

Cyber Violence and Online Harassment

The rise of the digital age has introduced new forms of gender-based violence, such as cyber violence and online harassment. Women and girls are disproportionately targeted with cyberbullying, revenge porn, and other forms of digital abuse. The anonymity provided by online platforms can embolden perpetrators, making it easier for them to harass and threaten their victims. Combatting cyber violence requires effective legislation, awareness campaigns, and digital platforms actively addressing online abuse.

Gender-based violence is a deeply rooted and complex issue, arising from a combination of social, cultural, economic, and psychological factors. To combat this alarming problem, it is essential to address its underlying causes and work toward building a more equitable and just society. By challenging patriarchal norms, promoting gender equality, and fostering healthy and respectful relationships, we can create a world where individuals are free from the shackles of gender-based violence, enabling everyone to live with dignity and security. Only through collective efforts can we hope to eliminate gender-based violence and create a safer and more inclusive future for all