Mongol Empire: The largest contiguous land empire, covering 12 million square miles across Asia and Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries.
Russian Empire: Stretched across three continents, reaching over 8.8 million square miles before its collapse in 1917.
Spanish Empire: The Spanish Empire was one of the first global empires, peaking at 7.5 million square miles.
Qing Dynasty: The last imperial dynasty of China, at its peak covering 5.7 million square miles.
Umayyad Caliphate: The Umayyad Caliphate rapidly expanded in the 7th and 8th centuries, covering 5 million square miles.
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