Goosebumps are created by the contraction of small muscles at the base of each hair follicle, resulting in a bumpy skin look.
Cold weather triggers the contraction of the arrector pili muscles, trapping warm air next to the skin, thereby keeping us warm.
It is triggered by strong emotions like fear or excitement and is believed to be our ancestors' instinct to appear larger to predators.
It also appears when listening to emotionally impactful music, possibly due to the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter linked to pleasure & reward
Some people feel goosebumps while they are in pain. This is supposed to activate the body's pain-relieving processes.
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